Complexity issues in counting, polynomial evaluation and zero finding. (Complexité de problèmes de comptage, d'évaluation et de recherche de racines de polynômes)
نویسنده
چکیده
Many years ago I was invited to give a lecture on what is today called " computer science " at a large eastern university. I titled my lecture " Turing machines " , because the most famous abstract model of a computer is the model presented by Alan Turing. Today biographies of Turing are reviewed in the New York Times, but in those early days of the computer Turing was virtually unheard of. Thus it wasn't surprising that someone at the university " corrected " what he assumed to be my typographical error, with the result that posters announcing that I would give a lecture on TOURING MACHINES went up all over the campus. (A few people left rather early in the lecture). Résumé En informatique, le modèle de calcul généralement utilisé est la machine de Turing. Cettedernì ere est une modélisation théorique de l'ordinateur digital, et est pertinente pour plusieurs raisons. D'abord, la thèse de Church, formulée dans les années 1940, et qui est communément admise dans la communauté des informaticiens, affirme que les fonctions qui sont effective-ment calculables sont exactement les fonctions calculées par les machines de Turing. Cette thèse repose sur le fait que de nombreuses tentatives pour formaliser la notion de calcul a conduità des modèles calculant ou exprimant exactement les mêmes fonctions que les machines de Turing. Et ensuite car le fonctionnement des ordinateurs actuels est assez proche de la machine de Turing. Cette machine est donc un bon modèle pourétudier non seulement si certaines fonctions sont calculables, mais aussi pourétudier leur complexité, c'est-` a-dire les ressources en temps et en mémoire dont un ordinateur aura besoin pour calculer ces fonctions. Ce modèle de calcul est ainsì a la base de l'´ etude de l'efficacité des algorithmes, et donc de l'´ etude de la difficulté desprobì emes résolus par ces algorithmes. Il a permis l'essor du domaine de recherche de la complexité de calcul, qui s'intéressè a classer lesprobì emes en fonction de leur difficulté, en définissant des classes deprobì emes de complexité comparable, et enétudiant les inclusions entre ces classes. La machine de Turing fonctionne par définition sur l'alphabet {0, 1}, ou demanì eré equivalente sur un alphabet fini. Lesprobì emes définis sur des structures plus riches, comme l'ensemble des réels ou des complexes, ne sont donc pasà sa portée – plusieurs théories ontété proposées pourétudier le calcul continu sur la machine de Turing …
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